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The Oxford Summer School in Economic Networks

The Oxford Summer School in Economic Networks is a focussed summer school held by the Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School. The core content was on Network Theory, Mathematics of networks, Cryptocurrency, and financial networks. What I found interesting was that the understanding of network theory and how it could be applied. Network theory, as a definition, is the study of complex interacting systems that can be represented as graphs equipped with extra structure. I found it motivating how applicable the programme was. I could apply the information by analysing graphs that represent systems containing discrete objects, with lines between the objects signifying their interactions, such as understanding financial flows and the link between counter-parties.”

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Oxford Investment Programme

The Oxford Investment Programme (OIP) is a specialized summer school with the main focus on Economics, Business, Finance, and Accounting. What was highly valuable to me was that the lectures were structured around the course leader’s investment experience who had taught at the University of Oxford. He currently manages an investment portfolio of around half a million U.S. dollars. Thus, providing us with first-hand exposure to value investment, strategic thinking, and behavioral economics applicable and useful to the investor. The instructor also led us to analyze and valuing three publicly-traded companies, BRK, APPL, and RELL. These companies were very different, and I learned that valuations must be tailored to the specific circumstance of each firm under consideration. I enjoyed how applicable the programme was, where I could utilize the information and apply it straight away.”

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Crash course on python

The Python online course is a 30-hour online course to teach students the basics of writing programs in Python. I joined the course and started with the fundamentals of writing a computer program. The course allowed me to have a hands-on experience with programming concepts through real-world scenarios and interactive exercises, with an exciting illumination of digital reality. This course would be useful for me, academically and professionally, as I learned a lot throughout the course. I learned how to develop different applications such as web applications and software development applications. I also learned how to upload text files, run the cells, and install and import word cloud scripts. All of this required patience to learn, and is very important and relevant today. This is something I believe is very important because I can use this in my professional life as I learn to do my job and have patience as I accomplish my tasks. I believe that the learning I had from the course would be very useful in numerous ways. I could apply it in numerical science, simple scripts, data science, financial applications, web development, and desktop app development. Python has a general-purpose programming language that can be applied in numerous paradigms, as I have learned. It would be nice to continue applying all these learning in my personal and professional life. ”

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UAE National Day Event | King’s College London

The event was a celebration of the UAE National Day at Kings College, London. The event included inspiring speeches from notable guests, diplomats, and dignitaries. The event highlights the heritage and culture of the UAE. More importantly, it celebrates the nation’s independence. The activities in the event showcased the many facets of UAE culture, which included playing board games, solving puzzles, and other activities that form part of UAE culture. The event showed the history and traditions of the UAE and how it coexisted with other nations in peace since its founding in 1971. Every citizen considers this day a memorable event for various reasons. The event is also uniquely significant to every citizen as it celebrates the success of the country since its existence. The event is also important for celebrating and renewing the citizen’s commitment to the values shared by the Emirates. These values include tolerance, unity, and diversity. ”

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YEAR 3

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Bloomberg Market Concepts (BMC)

BMC is a 10-hour e-learning course that gave me a useful introduction to the world of finance. I learnt about economic indicators, currencies, fixed income, equities and how to use the terminal to make trades. This complemented my academic studies well, and I was able to incorporate Bloomberg data and analytics into my macroeconomic modules this year. I hope to continue to build on this knowledge through my internships over the summer. ”

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EDAD Program | McKinsey, London

The program was led by Senior Consultant, Feras Al Ajmi, and Business Analyst, Abdallah Saidan. They discussed the main roles of top-tier consultancies and the McKinsey approach towards organisational problem solving. We were immediately able to apply this approach to a series of simulated real-life problems, and had to present our solutions as groups. Many of McKinsey’s techniques appeared surprisingly straightforward, like their “7 Steps to Problem Solving” and “How, What, Why” questioning technique. But when successfully implemented, these techniques can have a transformative impact on a company. I have already been to carry over the McKinsey approach into other areas of my life, from my academic education to personal life.
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Youth Circle Conference | Battersea Evolution, London

This event was organized to help us appreciate our country and culture. His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum addressed us to spread a message of peace and relationship-building. The principal speakers were Noura Al Kaabi, UAE Minister of Culture and Knowledge Development, and Dr Ahmed Belhoul Al Falasi, Minister of State for Higher Education. Over the two days, I learnt about the importance of our UAE identity, the pervasive impact of AI in the workplace and the UAE’s space mission. I learnt how to be diplomatic in tense situations, and took Ali’s advice to keep an open mindset towards people of different ethnicities. Dr Ahmed advised us to take internships in several different fields, even if ostensibly not all relevant to your career path. I have implemented this already in my internship choices and hope to continue to do so before starting full-time work. ”

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Game Theory | Surrey University

The talk covered the application of game theory to world politics, neatly combining my twin interests in politics and economics. Professor Michael Cox, co-founder of LSE IDEAS, led the talk. He covered the history of power dynamics - from times when superpower hegemonies ruled the world to more recent globalisation. Most strikingly, I learnt how war will set a country back at least 100 years in economic progress. Peaceful resolution is the way forward, and I hope to apply this to my own business and personal relationships.
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Challenges For Progressive Economic Policy Korea| Bush House, King’s College London

The talk was led by Dr Kang-Kook Lee, Professor at Ritsumeikan University, Japan, and a Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University. We learnt how Korea used income-driven policy to create a virtuous cycle of household spending. It was interesting to see this, as it represented a concrete, practical application of the consumer multiplier effect, which I had been studying at my university. Moreover, Korea’s effective labour-friendly reforms challenged many of the more orthodox supply-side theories I have studied at university, helping me develop a more rounded appreciation of economics. Seeing how Korea was able to independently prosper was a powerful reminder of what can be achieved through hard work, and I hope to carry this lesson into my personal and professional endeavours. ”

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Welfare After Beveridge: State or Civil Society | Old Theatre, London School of Economics

The event was led by Professor Sir Julian Le Grand, former policy advisor to Tony Blair, and Professor Richard Sennett, who holds an OBE for his work in sociology. The talk highlighted the state’s responsibility to look the weakest members of society and debated whether this responsibility could be pawned off to other institutions, such as charities or religious organisations. I learned how corruption can also influence states’ responsibilities, and steer state funding towards undeserving entities through bureaucratic loopholes. I hope to use this knowledge in the future to fight against political and economic corruption. ”

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Youth Circle | Jumeirah Carlton Hotel, London

The discussion panel was hosted by the Federal Youth Authority, and included Saeed Al Nazari, Director General of the Federal Youth Authority. We discussed the main issues affecting UAE scholars upon arrival in the UK: from culture shock, homesickness to difficulties finding accommodation. We brainstormed practical solutions to these problems and devised strategies to implement them. One solution to resolve the homesickness experienced by UAE students was to organise more events for UAE scholars, to celebrate UAE culture and bring UAE students together. A second was to reposition scholars’ academic advisors as friendly mentors, as opposed to supervisors. I learnt the importance of helping my fellow students adapt to UK culture, and also the need to positively represent the UAE even when abroad. ”

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Singapore Summer Program | Singapore Management University

The summer programme was a tremendous learning experience for me as it brought together my passion for business and the Eastern economy. I learnt from Frank Siegfriend, from Learn Launchpad Singapore, and Judy Tan, Co-Founder at Eatigo. I learnt about the differences in achieving success in particular Asian markets, and how political factors can have a determining role. The Global Megatrends module developed my understanding of data analysis and recent geopolitical movements, while the Asia Pacific Business course cast light on the socio-cultural context. Over the programme, I built my teamwork skills, collaborating on a group project, devising “frugal innovation” solutions for the Indian economy: for instance, low-cost renewable energies. We also investigated the difficulties faced by Western firms as they attempt to migrate their businesses overseas. In particular, we analysed the case of Ulta Beauty. These projects were both elucidating and taught me many useful lessons for a future career in business.”

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YEAR 2

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Dubai Police Conference | Future Leader Assembly

The UAE ambassador to the United Kingdom, Sulaiman Al Mazroui, as well as academic professors, experts, and UAE students studying in the UK, attended the Future Leaders assembly held by the Dubai Police.
Questions focussed on the new smart station technology. Dubai police discussed their plans to introduce the technology across all of Dubai, and their work on a “drive-through” station, which will allow users to report cases without having to leave their cars.

What did I learn?

The conference opened my eyes to the importance technology has in new political policy around security. Technology now influences all aspects of our lives, benefitting businesses but also households through the automation of previously labour-intensive activities. Given the high priority of national security in politics, understanding technology’s influence here will undoubtedly help if I continue into a governmental position. The conference also demonstrated the power of technology to automate previously labour-intensive jobs (e.g. policemen), one would never believe technology capable of replacing. The economic consequences of this often include job destruction and unemployment, which I am interested in researching further in my third year dissertation, and comparing to the benefits of technology (like automation and reduced workload).

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UAE Conference on Strategy To Build The Future and Principals of Emirates Peaceful Coexistence

I attended a conference on the state of education received by UAE students. The speaker, Dr Ali Rashid Al Nuami, is a member of the Executive Council of Abu Dhabi and the Director General of Abu Dhabi Education Council. During the conference, he expressed how pleased he was to hear about student’s enthusiasm to pursue success, but also articulated the challenges students may face during their educational journey. He emphasised, as students studying abroad we had to represent our country in a dignified and proud way.

What did I learn?

The conference inspired me to achieve the best for my country. I learnt more about the challenges involved in improving education, and how it’s often economic obstacles (for instance, insufficient financing) that limit political policy from successfully moving education forward. This illustrated the inextricable link between Politics and Economics, and helped me see the relations between the two disciplines more clearly in my academic studies. I hope this insight will prepare me effectively for a politic-economic career.
Moreover, I learnt that one of the most important factors to be managed in today’s environment is diversity and the co-existence. Globally, diversity has increased in 98% of urban areas, specifically in more advanced countries who are now welcoming skilled workers into their multicultural economies from different ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds. This is also true for the UAE, where increasing diversity places importance on us students to relay a peaceful and co-existing attitude so the world knows that the Emirati people are welcoming of foreign culture. Understanding this I have actively tried to learn more about new cultures through travel, meeting international students at my university and helping others better understand my own culture.
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Executive Education: Scaling up in the Digital world | University of Surrey

Digitalisation has revolutionised the world in the past two decades. Every industry and operation is now being reshaped by technology, and our lives have changed dramatically as a result of new innovations - just 20 years ago, for instance, Google did not exist! The panel discussion canvassed opinions from technology leaders in the digital industry on topics including social media and regulations. It was particularly interesting to learn how companies are able to use social media to so appreciably change our behaviour.

What did I learn?

Economically, innovation can lower costs but also create monopoly power; and politically, innovation can create new industries but also destroy previous jobs. This will help me analyse the tradeoffs involved in regulations that affect new technologies in future policy roles.
The conference explored social media in particular detail. With half the world and almost all B2C businesses now on Facebook, this is becoming increasingly important, and, as the recent Cambridge Analytica scandal showed, social media can appreciably affect electoral outcomes. My improved understanding of social media technology will help me better manage its effects and take advantage of its functionality in future years.
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Centre for Leadership & Decision-Making Speaker Event | University of Surrey

The event was led by Sally Pritchett, Creative Comms Agency Founder and Co-owner. She explained how businesses that have been built on a brand succeed where others have failed, even if the products and services they sell are of equal quality.
She gave examples of how market-leaders can be rivalled by new challenger brands, exploiting social media and taking advantage of the underdog image to eventually topple incumbent firms. However, she also explained how market-leaders can stay competitive and fend off these threats from smaller startups.
We also completed a group exercise: using companies like Toys R Us and Hamleys, we had to devise strategies to protect our business from competitors and identify potential new threats in the marketplace.

What did I learn?

I learnt how brand-building is necessary for a business to be successful, because that’s what consumers really buy into (not the product, unless they need it). I also saw how these same lessons of brand-building could be applied in the political sphere, where personal brand is critical to securing voter confidence and respect in office. These lessons will be very valuable in a political or private-sector career.
I also learnt how to defend against threats from new brands, either new startups looking for market share or new political opponents looking to gain power. Previously I was not aware of any strategies a business could use to limit these threats, but now I understand what is needed to survive - especially after completing the Toys R Us and Hamleys exercise, which really made Sally’s lesson concrete.
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Building Your Resilience Workshop | University of Surrey

This afternoon workshop was held at University of Surrey by the library faculty (known as SPLASH). The faculty gave out boxes of Lego to all attendees and asked us to use the lego to visualise the challenges and obstacles that stand in our way. I visualised them as a ladder: rather than seeing challenges as barriers, they are rungs of a ladder to ascend through. Though ostensibly trivial, thinking about how we interpret challenge can really change our attitude towards new challenges. We also learnt how to adopt new mindsets to better deal with adversity. and how to become more level-headed and calm under pressure - especially with looming exams or coursework deadlines.

What did I learn?

Building resilience is extremely important, given the difficulty of my degree (a double major) and that I have not studied the A-Level syllabus. Being resilient, taking on feedback and growing fast, is critical to completing my degree and in my personal and professional life. In both the personal and the professional life, challenges are always there, but it depends on the individual’s capacity for resilience to see deal with such challenges or problems. The techniques I learnt, such as the growth mindset and realistic optimism, have helped me view challenges as opportunities to develop, instead of obstacles, which has motivated me to pursue more difficult feats, like the intense selection of modules I will be taking next year.
I also learnt how to adopt a more flexible, creative and positive approach to change. Rather than resisting change, people and businesses can learn to embrace change and see the positive brought on by a change in country (for instance, when I moved to the UK) or a change in government policy (for instance, an increase in taxation).
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I & E External Seminar Series: Valentina Tartari, Copenhagen Business School | Imperial College London

Valentina Tartari has specialized in the micro-foundations of university-industry interaction. She was able to explain the internal and external environments and their impact on innovation. She argued that the relationship between differing institutions and the market must be assessed along with the strategies businesses undertake to stay competitive. Her talk built on my more theoretical understanding of markets, developed in my studies of economics.
Valentina’s primary research areas include University-industry interaction, academic entrepreneurship, innovation and social influence mechanisms.

What I learnt?

Understanding market dynamics helped me appreciate that businesses cannot only focus on internal metrics like employee productivity and sales, but also external features like the behaviour of their competitors. This will naturally help me if I choose to continue into a private sector career, as I will be able to keep the business competitive; but equally in a political career where rival political parties and policies need be considered, as well as the internal welfare of your party and people.
Moreover, hearing about how markets work in real life deepened my existing understanding of market forces, developed through my more theoretical economics modules. Contextualising these theories with Valentina’s examples has helped me deepen my understanding of economics and, additionally, will help me improve my academic performance.
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Marketcraft: how governments make the market work | University College London

A panel of speakers, with a wealth of experience in the domain of business and government regulations, discussed the involvement of government in market operations. In particular, we heard from Steven K. Vogel, who is the Il Han New Professor of Asian Studies and a Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkley. Topics included deregulation, privatisation and taxation, and how misuse of the policies tools can put a country into “shock” or help it develop into an economic powerhouse (as with China). The core of the event focussed on which is better: government intervention or market-oriented solutions, a traditional left-wing vs. right-wing discussion. Ultimately the talk concluded that the two are not mutually exclusive: government policy can work alongside market forces, for instance increasing regulations on monopolies that help new firms enter the market to compete is a case where government intervention has actually improved market efficacy.

What did I learn?

Understanding how microeconomic government policies, like an increase in taxation on steel, can have industry-wide and even macroeconomic effects is very useful - particularly as I continue into work within government or a multinational corporation, who will be directly affected. I was also able to see how the microeconomic taxation models I had studied compared to the real life consequences of tax. This showed me the strengths of economic modelling, but also its limitations - economic models cannot fully predict human behaviour in response to taxation and many of the assumptions made by economists to simplify models do not hold in real life.
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Writing Your Dissertation Workshop | University of Surrey

The workshop was held at the University of Surrey, by the Library Faculty (SPLASH). It was run by Dr Adam Bingham-Scales, who has specialised in improving learning development at the university. He taught us about the steps involved in creating a dissertation, the huge time commitment required, and the organisational requirements to finish a dissertation while studying for other modules and balancing time-intensive extra-curricular events.

What did I learn?

I learnt how to research most effectively and verify the validity of my sources. This will naturally help with my final year dissertation, but also when evaluating economic data and political arguments in the short-term. Already I have been able use my developed research skills to debate on environmental matters in the Model UN society, and carry out extra-curricular politics reading to support my politics modules at university and wider understanding beyond.
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The 12 Powers of a Marketing Leader | Imperial College London

Patrick Barwise, the author of the 12 Powers of a Marketing Leader, spoke at Imperial College on how to effectively differentiate your brand from competitors’, and how to surmount business challenges.
I have also read Barwise’s book (of the same title), co-authored by Thomas Barta. Both book and lecture explain the interpersonal skills to deal with supervisors and colleagues. It also placed focus on how to work cooperatively within a team, while building a stronger relationship with your manager, which is critically important for career growth.

What did I learn?

I learnt how to make yourself unique, and stand out from the competition. This will benefit me not only professionally, when marketing products and seeking promotions, but also academically when looking to achieve the highest possible coursework marks. Understanding the required interpersonal skills to progress professionally will also prove invaluable when negotiating deals, particularly in political situations where communication is so key.
One of my favourite quotes from the event was “to be a great marketer, to be a great agency executive, to be a great
digital pioneer you have to be a great changed leader.” He illustrated this quote using Nintendo’s current rivalry with Playstation. To out-market and outcompete Playstation, Nintendo has had to reduce all barriers to change and radically change their products from traditional controllers to motion sensitivity and more cooperative play.
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Making Most of Your Feedback Workshop | University of Surrey

This workshop, led by Julia Anthoney, a Learning Advisor from the University faculty, explained how listening to the perspective of others can help one grow and learn.
Julia also discussed how we can identify other possible sources of feedback in less formal environments and should adopt a feedback-oriented attitude.

What did I learn?

Receiving feedback on economic policy ideas can help politicians adjust their message to resonate better with their target audience, which will help me in my future career.More directly, taking on feedback to improve my coursework will help me as a student improve my academic performance, and learn more from my Economics and Politics modules.
I also learnt how feedback doesn’t just need to come from seniors and advisors. One can open themselves up also to feedback from day-to-day encounters from teachers, students and peers. Being so welcoming of feedback will enable me to increase my self-awareness and more effectively communicate my ideas and opinions with other - particularly helpful for a career in politics where the perception of others is really key. Julia also taught me that feedback does not need to be taken as a negative, even when critical. When you actively pursue the feedback yourself, the feedback you receive can energise you to improve yourself (instead of feeling like a criticism).
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Mobility of highly-skilled individuals, local innovation & entrepreneurship activity | London School of Economics and Political Science

Dr Claire Ecomomidou and Dr Vassilis Monastiriotis discusses labour mobility and entrepreneurship in an increasingly technological economy. Labor mobility is a hotly debated topic within politics and economics: its effects can be both positive and detrimental (increased strain on governmental resources).
For instance, evidence based on the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) data shows that highly skilled individuals appear to be more mobile than the general population and so labour mobility is associated with the immigration of higher-skilled employees. However, this is also means the original native country will suffer a “brain drain” of their most talented workers as seen in Romania for instance (where 12000 doctors left Romania for the UK in 2014).

What did I learn?

Understanding how to manage this conflict between the pros and cons of immigration (caused by increased mobility) has developed my understanding of diplomacy. Today there are many countries that support the immigration policies such as Canada, Australia and Germany, who all now need to diplomatically formulate their policies to cater to both their immigrant and native populations. As countries continue to encourage immigration, the importance of diplomatically handling new migrants will only increase.
The talk has also developed my understanding of the tradeoffs inherent to policy-making and economics: rarely are there opportunities where all parties win, typically there will be some losers.
Additionally, I will soon be looking for full-time work myself so understanding the effects of increasing labour mobility on the job market is very important to ensure I am best placed to find employment
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Identity & The Welfare State: Evolving Challenges for Sustaining Social Solidarity | London School of Economics and Political Science

Policy experts Peter Dwyer and Celestin Okoroji reviewed different welfare policies and provided examples of differing states where welfare state policies had failed and succeeded. Population diversity as an obstacle to implementation was given particular importance, because it makes the provision of welfare more intricate: different people will have different needs.
The talk also explored the ethics and efficacy of welfare conditionality: only providing welfare support if the recipients complete certain actions (e.g. queuing up or filling in certain forms).

What did I learn?

The impact of population diversity is increasingly relevant as globalisation increases diversity, especially in city centres, and has helped me appreciate the limits of economic models that assume population homogeneity. In my future studies I will look to challenge these assumptions to see the economics effects of population heterogeneity, and also look to study newer economic models that do accommodate for heterogeneous agents.
The segment on welfare conditionality was very interesting and taught me how we can use conditional requirements (e.g. requiring certain grades) to filter out talent/people and ensure resources are allocated to those who need them most. Creating a more difficult application process for instance will ensure the applicants are in most need of the job, but equally it can deter more qualified applicants who may be attracted away by more straightforward application processes at rival firms. I will be using conditional requirements undoubtedly in later life to find the best colleagues to work with me and also to identify the best business opportunities.

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What Can Be Done to Reduce Inequality | London School of Economics and Political Science

This panel discussion was lead by Rachel Lomax, Ed Miliband (Labour Party leader) and David Willetts. This panel discussion shed light on the stark difference between the UK’s upper and lower classes, highlighting how little progress the UK has made in really improving social mobility. Tony Atkinson’s 15 policy proposals for reducing inequality were debated extensively, and we learnt how the practicalities of policies such as guaranteed public employment are complicated, despite sounding very much ideal in theory. The panel also discussed national pay policy consisting of two elements - a statutory
minimum wage set at a living wage - and whether or not governments should offer national savings bonds and minimum
inheritance.

What did I learn?

Listening to the different arguments developed my understanding of the real-world limits of political theory. What sounds good on paper does not always work in real life. As Einstein said, “In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are not.” This insight is especially useful given the theoretical components of my degree, and will help me contextualise them as I develop my career in the real word.
It also developed my understanding of the arguments between government intervention and market-oriented solution, a topic at the heart of academic studies between politics and economics. I learnt how important it is to objectively quantify the benefits of policies and look past rhetoric. For instance, politicians often claim that more budget needs to be given to schooling to help the poor, but in the debate I learnt that actually it isn’t schooling that is the problem, it is upbringing at home that really limits the development of children from less privileged background.

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Idea of The State | London School of Economics and Political Science

This event was presented by Professor Julia Black, Baroness Finn, Polly Toynbee, Lord Willetts, Adrian Wooldridge and Anne McElvoy. The panel discussed changing ideologies and perceptions in the 21st century. Julia Black emphasised the importance of state regulations and, Guardian columnist, Polly Tonbee expressed her views on how the poor are treated as a burden on society, and how this perception needs to be reevaluated.

What did I learn?

These ideas helped me open my mind to different political viewpoints, so I can make more informed leadership decisions in the future. It has also humbled me, as I’ve realised how much someone can benefit from the perspectives and how rare it is for someone to reach the right decision without discussion with others. This will help me be more communicative and discussion-oriented in the future, improving my decision-making abilities in my future career.
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Democracy and Its Crisis | London School of Economics and Political Science

The event was hosted by LSE’s Department of the Government. The speaker was Professor AC Grayling, a Master at the New College of the Humanities in London. He is also a professor of philosophy and the author of ~30 books.
Professor Grayling discussed how democracy can be effective when successful, but also fail, citing the UK and USA as case studies. It was interesting to see the contrasts in political attitudes between typically democratic Western nations and alternate political systems from the East.
Grayling’s criticisms of democratic systems included: how the whipping system in democracies is undemocratic (citing House of Cards as a fictional but unfortunately accurate picture of political manipulation) and how big data analytics companies (like Cambridge Analytica) have been able to swing public votes using targeted ads and social media.
He also explained how democracy isn’t one political system, there are many different types. For instance, in the US, rather than using a democratic system that establishes its winner based on who has the most votes, it uses a democratic system that establishes winners based on who wins the most states. Trump, for instance, received 3 million fewer votes than Hilary in the 2016 but still received the presidential victory.

What did I learn?

Democracy is the world’s most popular mode of governance so understanding its strengths and limits is critical to develop my leadership skills and political understanding. If I decide to progress into a governmental career, knowing when is best to use a democratic system and when an alternative mode of governance is better will be critical in setting up effective political systems. Equally, in the private sector, when managing employees, knowing when to canvas opinions democratically and when to rule more hierarchically will help me become an effective leader.
Understanding how rhetorical devices and social media can be used to influence decisions as large as presidential elections is extremely useful in protecting myself from future manipulation and ensuring the decisions I make really are best for me or my organisation.
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YEAR 1 - UNDERGRADUATE

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